social justice
social justice 社会正义 它涉及个体对于团体的义务，其目的在于达到普遍的善。 (=justice; distributive justice)
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social justice
Justice that conforms to a moral principle, such as that all people are equal. — Also termed justice in rem. Cf. personal justice.
justice
justice n. (1)正义；公平 一种被普遍认为适用法律原则于事实所应达到之目标的道德价值，是衡量和评价法律及某种行为正确性的标准。它的含义非常复杂，几千年来也一直处于争论和变化之中，但它最基本的意思还是恰当地实施法律，给予某人以应得的东西，以及对纠纷一贯地、连续地作出类似的处理等。常见的分类有交换正义〔commutative justice〕、分配正义〔distributive justice〕和社会正义〔social justice〕等。 (→commutative justice; distributive justice; social justice) (2)法官 １在美国，该词指联邦和州最高法院的法官，也指上诉法院的法官。如美国联邦最高法院和大部分州最高法院都由一位首席法官〔chief justice〕和若干位法官〔associate justice〕组成。２在英格兰，1873年以前，该词指王座法庭和民诉法庭的法官，此后高等法院中的那些常任法官〔puisne judges〕也用该词来称呼。另外，一些最低级的司法官员也有用该词来表示的，如治安法官〔justice of the peace〕等。３在古代文献中，多用justitia一词表示普通法法庭的法官，而教会法院及其它法院的法官则用judex来表示，后来justice就成为了judex一词的翻译，表示普通法法庭的法官，但也有人认为justice一词来源于justiciarius。 (→associate justices) (3)(封建法)司法管辖权 指封建时代领主所主张的对民事和刑事案件的管辖权，有高级司法管辖权〔high justice〕和低级司法管辖权〔low justice〕之分。 (→high justice; low justice)
popular justice
Demotic justice, which is usu. considered less than fully fair and proper even though it satisfies prevailing public opinion in a particular case. Cf. social justice.
distributive justice
distributive justice 分配正义 它涉及团体对个人的义务，要求公平地在个体之间分配权利与义务，即根据个体的价值与行为，并与他人作比较，以获得相应的权利或义务，避免产生如下结果：平等的人得到不相同的结果，不平等的人得到相同的结果。 (→justice; commutative justice; social justice)
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juvenile justice system
juvenile-justice system. The collective institutions through which a youthful offender passes until any charges have been disposed of or the assessed punishment has been concluded. • The system comprises juvenile courts (judges and lawyers), law enforcement (police), and corrections (probation officers and social workers).
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claims consciousness
claims-consciousness, n. The quality characterizing a legal culture in which people have firm expectations of justice and are willing to take concrete steps to see that justice is done (claims-consciousness in the United States has resulted from certain social changes, not from any character deficiency). — Also termed rights-consciousness. — claims-conscious, adj.
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international criminal police organization
International Criminal Police Organization. An international law-enforcement group founded in 1923 and headquartered in Lyons, France. • The organization gathers and shares information on transnational criminals for more than 180 member nations. — Also termed Interpol. “Interpol is something of a legal curiosity: it engages in intergovernmental activities and yet is not based on any
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criminology
criminology (krim-[schwa]-nol-[schwa]-jee), n. The study of crime and criminal punishment as social phenomena; the study of the causes of crime and the treatment of offenders, comprising (1) criminal biology, which examines causes that may be found in the mental and physical constitution of an offender (such as hereditary tendencies and physical defects), and (2) criminal
brandeis brief
Brandeis brief (bran-dIs). A brief, usu. an appellate brief, that makes use of social and economic studies in addition to legal principles and citations. • The brief is named after Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis, who as an advocate filed the most famous such brief in Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412, 28 S.Ct.